Leadership -Its Importance for Today’s Organization

Managing a flourishing business or strengthening the health of an already reputable business needs fit, continuing leadership and management, marketing and financial management, and planning, product and service development. (Barbara Kellerman, Jeffrey Z. Rubin, 1988) Definition of â€Å"Leadership† and Differences with Respect to â€Å"Management† Leading is influencing someone in some means. The majority people will have the same opinion on at least this much of some perfect definition for the term. There are several, further aspects to this statement that could be explored; however this simple definition may be sufficient to go forward. (Robert A. Corrigan, 2002) A â€Å"leader† is a name who is leading — maybe. A number of writers make use of the term â€Å"leader† as based on the formal role in an organization. Other writers talk about a â€Å"leader† as someone who is showing character of leading. Though, many writers would oppose that a CEO is always a leader. For instance, if an organization is floundering badly with little or no direction, possibly the CEO is not efficiently leading the organization and, consequently, is in fact not a leader. It is bsed on one's use of the word â€Å"leader†. Nearly everyone would have the same opinion that the term â€Å"Leadership† refers to the capability to lead. Many writers use the word â€Å"leadership† to refer to a person who shows traits of leading. Though, many writers as well use the term to denote the executive level of an organization. Conventionally the term â€Å"management† is portrayed as the functions of planning, organizing, leading as well as controlling activities in an organization. â€Å"Managing† is elucidated as carrying out these activities. Courses in management frequently teach from this point of view. Some writers pursue this view and think that the activity of leading is however one facet of management. Other writers differ and state that â€Å"managing† is planning, organizing and controlling and that â€Å"leading† is a definitely separate activity that first and foremost involves influencing people. An old saying that follows from this last view is â€Å"Leaders do the right things. Managers do things right†. One more saying is â€Å"Leaders lead people, managers manage things†. Other writers would even oppose with this view, still. They would emphasize that, even though a person happens to be carrying out activities that persuade others, if he or she does not hold an official role in the organization with the designation of â€Å"manager†, then he or she is not a â€Å"leader†. Leading is an extremely human activity. All of us are human. Consequently the majority of us can present a lot of advice regarding what a good leader should do. We want them to change themselves and their organizations, at the same time making sure that all of us have jobs. We put forward that leaders construct teams, yet focus on employees. They must develop clarity, yet embrace change and confusion. In the meantime, certainly, no matter how much a person thinks that leading is separate from managing, every leader has to operate within definite budget limit. Executive-level leaders hear from board members and others in the organization that the top precedence is strong financial management. The effort to take risks at the same time as managing cash flow can be devastating. As a result, it can turn out to be quite confusing for these leaders to glean a consistent message from all of the continuing advice. (The Washington Times, 2005). The Importance of Leadership to Effective Strategy Development and Implementation Strategic planning finds out where an organization is going over the next year or more, how it is going to get there also how it'll know if it got there or not. The focus of a strategic plan is generally on the whole organization. They find out direction. They move organizations from where they are to where they have to be. Leaders make things come about. They form the culture. They make use of the management tools. Leaders are ground-breaking. They face truth and rally appropriate resources. They give confidence others to do the same. (Gilbert W. Fairholm, 1998) Employee Perceptions of What Constitutes Effective Leadership Note: Great question for survey It is a tough job to run a group of people where authority has to be earned. Only some people do it effectively, for the reason that it demands an unusual amalgamation of attributes. A belief in oneself is the merely thing that gives an individual the poise to step into the unknown and to influence others to go where no one has gone before, however this has to be combined with a well-mannered doubt, the humbleness to accept that one can be mistaken on occasion, that others as well have ideas, that listening is as vital as talking. A fervor for the job offers the energy and focus that drive the organization and that act as an instance to others, however this as well has to be combined with its opposite, an awareness of other worlds, for the reason that focus can turn to blinkers, an incapability to think beyond one's own box. Great leaders manage time to read, to convene people beyond their own circle, to walk in other worlds. The leader should have a love of people, as in a community of individuals, those who discover individuals a pain and an irritation may be respected or feared, however they will not be keenly followed. (Nelson Fabian, 2004)  Thus far this attribute, too, needs its opposite, a capability for aloneness, for the reason that leaders have to be out front. It is not always probable to share one's uncertainties with anyone else. Only some will thank the leader when things go right, however several will blame the leader if things go wrong. Great leaders have to walk alone now and then. They as well have to live vicariously, obtaining their satisfaction from the victories of others and giving those others the gratitude that they themselves are often denied. Living with these inconsistencies needs great strength of character. It as well needs a belief in what one is doing. Money only will not be sufficient to offer the reason to live with these contradictions. Even a love of power is inadequate, as power irons out the contradictions somewhat than holding them in balance. Great leaders are raised from great causes, however leaders at their best, too raised great causes. Unhappily, for want of a cause, we also frequently create a crisis, which is not the similar thing at all. Until and unless business makes a cause bigger and more espousal than enhancement of the shareholders, it will have only some great leaders. We are more probable to find them in the nonprofit ground. If that is so, in that case that sector may yet turn out to be the training ground for business and conceivably even for politics. (Kathleen Zimmerman-Oster, John C. Burkhardt, 1999) Characteristics of Effective Leaders Introduced with humor and humility, and characteristically tending to treat individuals in their organizations in the same way, with no smiling up as well as kicking down. Self-aware, and sincere with themselves as to their own strengths, weaknesses, and honest hard work to improve. Curious and friendly enough in order that others feel safe offering honest comment and innovative ideas. Unprejudiced and capable of esteeming their competitors or adversaries also learning from them, in both leadership circumstances and general business conditions. Action leaning which surfaces not as a wish to move for movement's sake however to move straightforwardly toward a clear objective with a persistent follow-through. Leaders who can flash the mind's eye with a convincing vision of a valuable end that stretches us beyond what is known at present, and who can interpret that to clear objectives, are the ones we go after. Flourishing business leaders build up goals to attain their vision. Their promise to the goals, and consequently to the vision, is made clear by both their actions as well as their frequent communication of what have to be done, and why. With apparent objectives in mind, the issue then turns out to be what a leader will do, how he or she will act at the same time as working with and through people in chase of the end goal. Even though leaders have to become accustomed to a specific and ever-changing set of circumstances, the most successful leaders show a common set of behaviors. Leaders share one more attribute that is vital for success: self-confidence. Sharply differentiated from arrogance or self-centeredness, a healthy level of self-confidence allows the leader to carry out the difficult ventures essential to meet his or her objectives. (Joy Bennett Kinnon, 2005) How Can One Develop Leadership Skills Required for Today's Rapidly Changing Environment? Leadership development is an attempt that improves the learner's capability to lead people. Leading is setting path and directing others to pursue that direction. The first place to start learning regarding leadership is to get some sense of what leadership is — particularly, know get an impression of the areas of knowledge as well as skills suggested for efficient leadership in organizations. In fact effective leaders in the years ahead will have persons resolute by strong values and conviction in the capacity of individuals to grow. They will have a picture of the society where they would like their organizations plus themselves to live. They will be creative thinker, they will believe sturdily that they can and must be shaping the future, and they will be active on that viewpoint through their personal behavior. In the future the genuine center competence of companies will be the capability to incessantly and imaginatively obliterate and remake them to meet customer demands. Everybody in the organization have to take accountability for taking responsive actions. This means that a company requests leadership all over the place in the organization. Thus leadership is the capability to see reality as it actually is and to mobilize the suitable response. Summary All of the different suggestions regarding good leadership can sound very tempting, for example; to have clear vision, embrace transform, lead from doctrine, be a servant to your people, nurture community, focus on the future, and all that. (Anthony B. Robinson, 1999) Conclusion We live and work in a enthralling, however fearful time. Augmented competition is forcing organizations to put into practice customer-driven strategies where industry-driven policies worked before. To be more adjustable, organizations are decentralizing. Organizations are changing, reinventing as well as reengineering. Consequently, there is frequently a great deal of pain in organizations. References: Anthony B. Robinson, 1999. Leadership That Matters; The Christian Century, Vol. 116, December 15 Barbara Kellerman, Jeffrey Z. Rubin, 1988. Leadership and Negotiation in the Middle East; Praeger Publishers Gilbert W. Fairholm, 1998. Perspectives on Leadership: From the Science of Management to Its Spiritual Heart; Quorum Books Joy Bennett Kinnon, 2005. What's Behind the Biggest Upheaval Ever in Black Leadership? Magazine article; Ebony, Vol. 60, April Kathleen Zimmerman-Oster, John C. Burkhardt, 1999. Leadership in the Making: A Comprehensive Examination of the Impact of Leadership Development Programs on Students; Journal of Leadership Studies Nelson Fabian, 2004. Leadership-What Is It and Are You Headed for It?; Journal of Environmental Health, Vol. 67 Robert A. Corrigan, 2002. Presidential Leadership: Moral Leadership in the New Millennium; Liberal Education, Vol. 88 The Washington Times, 2005. What Ails FEMA? Lack of Effective Leadership Newspaper article; September 13

Blaine Kitchenware Inc. Essay

To review Blaine Kitchenware Inc.’s (BKI) current debt, equity and leverage levels with respect to the highly advisable repurchase of 14 million shares of stock at $18.50 per share and the related, necessary financing. BKI is currently highly over-liquid and under-levered. The firm can anticipate elevated tax rates due to the lack of debt held. BKI has also experienced falling earnings per share (EPS) due to the over issuing of stock. Similarly the large quantity of outstanding shares of stock has led to below average returns to shareholders and a return on equity (ROE) below the competitors’ ROEs. BKI can offset these downward trends by increasing leverage—i.e. increasing debt—and reversing the dilutive acquisitions. BKI is highly recommended to obtain a 25 year loan of $50 million at 6.75% with which to repurchase 14 million of its outstanding shares of stock at the price of $18.50 per share, $2.25 above current stock price. Balance Sheet Impact As shown below, under the appendix, the pro forma balance sheet demonstrates forecasted values if BKI continues without action to increase leverage and decrease outstanding stock. BKI can expect to have $ 510,624,920.99 in stockholders’ equity and $ 96,011,793.33 in cash and cash equivalents on which BKI will be liable at a 40% tax rate, significantly higher than previous fiscal years. Based on trends from 2004-2006, BKI can predict increases in current asset accounts and marginal decreases in fixed asset accounts. Without the pursuit of repurchase and increased debt, BKI’s current liabilities accounts will also experience marginal increases while other liabilities and deferred taxes decrease and long term debt remains at zero. Furthermore, before the repurchase of stock, BKI’s equity accounts may continue to increase. Applying the repurchase strategy to calculated three year trends, BKI’s forecasted balance sheet accounts have significantly lower cash and cash equivalent account, increased market securities, accounts receivables, inventory, and other current assets accounts. Fixed assets are expected to decrease based on three year trends while current liabilities increase. The repurchase will require financing which will be attained through a 25 year fixed rate loan of 50 million. At the end of the first year term, BKI will have long term debt of 50 million minus first year principal component of $819,345.59 equaling $ 49,180,654.41. Other liabilities and deferred taxes however, may decrease marginally. In addition, with the repurchase of 14 million shares, stockholders’ equity is expected to decrease to $ 251,624,920.99 from $488,363,000.00 in 2006. Income Statement Impact Three year trends suggest BKI will have increased revenue, increased cost of goods sold, thus elevated gross profits, rising selling, general, and administrative costs, and decreased depreciation and amortization expenses. Overall, trends indicate earnings before interest and taxes may be higher than 2006 EBIT. Without the stock repurchase strategy, BKI may experience tax expense of $ 34,922,882.71 as opposed to tax expense amounting to $ 29,355,346.62 (calculated using 2007 federal income tax brackets as shown under appendix below) if BKI undergoes the stock repurchase strategy. Without undergoing the stock repurchase plan, BKI will have no interest expense and net income of $ 52,384,324.06. BKI will have dividend expense of $29,230,740.00. By undergoing the stock repurchase, BKI will earn net income of $54,576,860.15 which takes into account the interest expense of $3,375,000.00 associated with the loan to finance the stock repurchase. Impact on financial ratios Operating performance impact ROE: BKI’s return on equity ratio currently below average and below competitors’ will continue to drop based on the firm’s performance trends in the last three years to a 10% level. The anticipated ROE with the stock repurchase plan is 22%, third highest ROE, and while not quite above the industry average, sufficiently above the industry median. EPS: Earnings per share is expected to increase to $1.21 with the stock repurchase plan while if the plan is forgone, BKI can anticipate earning a mere $0.89 per share outstanding. An EPS of $0.89 is lower than the firm’s historical EPS and unappealing to future investors. Leverage: Leverage will increase overall after the stock repurchase and withdrawal of the $50 million bank loan. As shown below, debt ratio increases with the addition of the long term debt which drives up total liabilities with respect to total assets. Long term debt to total capitalization increases as well as debt to equity since BKI will have a long term debt significantly higher than its stockholders’ equity suggesting long term debt is used for permanent financing. Interest Coverage: After the stock repurchase, BKI can cover its interest expense over 20 times with the operating profit earned based on the times interest earned ratio. Expected Cost of Financial Distress BKI may have concerns with financial distress and guaranteeing that all operational costs are covered when leverage is increased. The cost of financial distress for BKI is determined by subtracting the BKI’s weighted cost of debt, 5.22% from the the rate of interest paid by firms that are not in financial distress in the same industry, based on Moody’s AAA rating is 5.88%. This results in a 0.66% cost of financial distress or $100,452,019.96 after the stock repurchase and $ 67,992,788.05 before the stock repurchase.

Fdi in Automobile Sector in India Essay

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The study aims at providing the overall view of the Foreign Direct Investment into India, its classifications, trends and importance of FDI in pre and post reform era. Wherein, the post economic reform shows an increase in the growth of FDI.It emphasises on the importance of FDI in retail sector.country – wise FDI inflows into the country are carefully observed in order to arrive at appropriate conclusions in order to understand the trend of FDI inflows into Indian economy. Literature review involves the analysis of various articles and research papers which were done on the similar lines of study to get an insight of the FDI and its performance in various sectors and also to understand the research gap of the study. The articles and the research papers reviewed talks about the importance of FDI in retail sector. They also give a comparitive study of FDI in India with China which is helpful in making comparisons about the inflow of FDI from various countries indicating the financial stability of the country which is the main reason in attracting the foreign investors. In many articles, factors affecting the inflow of FDI in different countries for better understanding of the aspects which are preventing the growth of FDI. Research design gives a brief summary about the over all research carried out. It defines the problem and states the importance of FDI in India in various sectors referring to the country‟s economic growth.A brief description of research methodology talks about the type of data collected, its sources and various statistical tools used in analysis. Limitations are some of the factors affecting the study which are also discussed. Research design is then followed by the Analysis and interpretation of the data collected. Theoretical analysis of various determinants of FDI in India is made in order to understand the effects of determinants in the inflows of FDI in India. St Joseph‟s College Of Commerce A study on the foreign direct investment in India with reference to retail sector Trend analysis is used to forecast the FDI inflows from 2011 to 2016 with the data available from 2006 to 2010. The third objective being to study the recent trends in FDI in retail sector, various articles from newspaper and journal is been analyzed to understand the advantages and dis advantages of allowing FDI in multi brand retail sector. Findings mainly reveal the facts which are arrived at from the study it includes the trend analysis of retail FDI from 2006 to 2010, the forecasted retail FDI had a positive trend which shows that there will be a increase in FDI inflows in to India in coming years. Theoretical analysis of determinants of FDI help us to understand determinants of FDI in Indian context. In another theoretical study to learn the recent trends in FDI in India it was found that it had both positive as well as negative impact on the economy like unemployment, high prices monopoly of foreign retailers etc. St Joseph‟s College Of Commerce A study on the foreign direct investment in India with reference to retail sector 1.1 INTRODUCTION Foreign Direct Investment, or FDI, is a type of investment that involves the injection of foreign funds into an enterprise that operates in a different country of origin from the investor. Investors are granted management and voting rights if the level of ownership is greater than or equal to 10% of ordinary shares. Shares ownership amounting to less than the stated amount is termed portfolio investment and is not categorized as FDI. (Source: Economic watch) FDI does not include foreign investments in stock markets. Instead, FDI refers more specifically to the investment of foreign assets into domestic goods and services. Classifications of Foreign Direct Investment FDIs can be classified as; Inward FDI and Outward FDI, depending on the direction of flow of money. Inward FDI occurs when foreign capital is invested in local resources. The factors propelling the growth of inward FDI include tax breaks, low interest rates and grants. Outward FDI, also referred to as â€Å"direct investment abroad†, it means firms in the country expand their business to other countries in the form of green field investments, mergers or acquisition etc. The host country aspires to receive FDI inflows because of the potential benefits, that the FDI supplements the domestic savings of a nation. Other benefits include access to superior international technologies, exposure to better management and accounting practices, and improved corporate governance. On the other side, foreign investors are motivated by profits and access to natural resources available in the host country. Therefore, large and growing domestic markets are likely to receive more FDI. Countries with abundant natural resources such as mines, oil reserves and manpower attract the foreign investors to invest in that country. A study on the foreign direct investment in India with reference to retail sector 1.2 AN OVERALL VIEW OF FDI IN INDIA The history of FDI in India was located with the establishment of East India Company by the British in 1612. Initially the investment came in the form of loans to government, railway companies and agro based industries like cotton and jute, public utilities engaged in plantation of tea and coffee. During this period there were no efforts to provide economic and financial  infrastructure to the industries therefore the foreign investors had hardly any incentive in manufacturing in India other than creating a raw material base. After the First World War, India granted protection to the dawning industries, this profitability of these industries attracted more foreign capital. The inflow of British capital which wasUSD15 million in 1913-14, increased toUSD29 in 1921 andUSD36 million in 1922. In the middle of the two world wars, the investment flowed into a number of consumer industries like cigarettes, matches, rubber, tyres, paints, chemical industries, paper, cement, textile, sugar etc. During the Second World War government established new industries to replace imports as well as to support war efforts. It was during this period that the foreign investment had diversified into engineering industries, chemical industry and oil industry for defense purpose. By 1948 the foreign private investment in India amounted to Rs 2.5 billion. Of which 21 percent was in the manufacturing industries, 16 percent in plantation, 4percent in mining, 27 percent in trading and 14 percent in banking. India‟s foreign investment policy was first initiated in 1949. The guiding principles of the policy were: All undertakings Indian or foreign had to conform to the general requirements of the governments industrial policy. Foreign enterprises would be treated in par with Indian enterprises. Foreign enterprises would have freedom to remit the profits to home country, subject to foreign exchange considerations. If foreign company were compulsorily acquired, compensation would be paid on  a fair and equitable basis; and A study on the foreign direct investment in India with reference to retail sector As a rule, the major interest, ownership and effective control of an undertaking should be in hands of India. The above policy was to govern the entry of fresh foreign investments into India in future, but it was silent on regulation of existing foreign private investment in Indian industry. It was only in 1973 that legislative measures were taken to cope up with the problem posed by the existing foreign owned companies. This was done by amending the foreign exchange regulation act (FERA), in 1973 which regulated the entry and channelised the growth of existing foreign investment into the country. (Abraham, 1988) The government felt the need of FDI after independence not only to provide adequate capital but also to gain scientific, technical and industrial know how. The industrial policy of 1965 allowed MNCs to venture in India. However the country faced two main problems in the form of foreign exchange and financial resources mobilization during the second five year plan (1956 -61). Thus to overcome this problem adopted the policy of frequent equity participation to foreign enterprises and to accept equity capital in technical collaborations. The government also provided many incentives such as tax concessions, simplification of licensing procedure and de reserving some industries such as drugs, aluminum, heavy electricals, fertilizers etc. in order to improve FDI inflows into the country. This called forth investments from US, Japan, Germany and other countries  into India. This eventually led to significant outflow of foreign reserves in the form of dividends, profits etc, and the government had to adopt stringent foreign policy in 1970s to overcome this situation. During this period the government adopted a selective and highly restrictive foreign policy as far as foreign capital, type of FDI and ownerships of foreign companies was concerned. Government setup Foreign Investment Board and enacted Foreign Exchange Regulation Act in order to regulate flow of foreign capital and FDI A study on the foreign direct investment in India with reference to retail sector  flow to India. In 1980s the government had to make necessary changes in the foreign policy due to the Continuous rise in oil prices, low exports and deterioration in Balance of Payment position. The government encouraged FDI in MNCs thus resulting in partial liberalization of the Indian economy. It is during this period the government encourages FDI, allow MNCs to operate in India. Thus, results in partial liberalization of Indian economy. The government introduces reforms in the industrial sector, aimed at increasing competency, efficiency and growth in industry through a stable, pragmatic and non-discriminatory policy for FDI flow. In the early nineties, Indian economy faced severe Balance of payment crisis. Exports began to sink. There was a marked increase in petroleum prices because of the gulf war. The external debts and low foreign exchange reserves for were disabling the economic development of the country. The outflow of foreign currency which was deposited by the Indian NRI‟s gave a further jolt to Indian economy. The overall Balance of Payment reached at Rs.-4471 crores. Inflation reached at its highest level of 13%. Foreign reserves of the country stood at Rs.11416 crores. The continued political uncertainty in the country during this period adds further to worsen the situation. As a result, India‟s credit rating fell in the international  market for both short- term and long-term borrowing. All these developments put the economy at that time on the verge of default in respect of external payments liability. In this critical face of Indian economy the then finance Minister of India Dr. Manmohan Singh with the help of World Bank and IMF introduced the macro – economic stabilization and structural adjustment program. As a result of these reforms India open its door to FDI inflows and adopted a more liberal foreign policy in order to restore the confidence of foreign investors. Under this new foreign investment policy Government of India constituted FIPB (Foreign Investment Promotion Board) whose main function was to invite A study on the foreign direct investment in India with reference to retail sector and facilitate foreign investment through single window system from the Prime Minister‟s Office. The foreign equity cap was raised to 51 percent for the existing companies. Government had allowed the use of foreign brand names for domestically produced products which was restricted earlier. India also became the member of MIGA (Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency) for protection of foreign investments. Government lifted restrictions on the operations of MNCs by revising the FERA Act 1973. New sectors such as mining, banking, telecommunications, highway construction and management were open to foreign investors as well as to private sector.(Source: Sapna Hooda, 2011) 1.3 Trends in Foreign Direct Investment Inflow to India after economic reform  After the initiation of liberal foreign investment policy b y government of India in 1991, FDI inflow has shown an upward trend in stock sense but varied in size over the period of twenty years (1991-92 to 2010-11). FDI inflow in India increased fromUSD129 million in 1991-92 to 27024 million in  2005 in. The inflow of FDI to the country has witnessed fluctuations during the period under consideration. It increased fromUSD 129 million in 1991-92 toUSD3557 million in 1997-98, which declined toUSD2155 million in 1999-2000. It increased to a peak ofUSD6130 million in 2001-02 before declining in the subsequent years in 2002-03 and 2003-04. The inflow again increased to USD6051 million in 2004-05. There was tremendous growth till 2009-10 to USD37763 and a decline in 2010-11 to USD 27,024. The year wise FDI inflow to India along with Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) is shown in table 1. In terms of CAGR, growth rate of FDI inflow to India during the period 1991-2011, growth rate of FDI inflow to India was negative for six years (1998-99, 1999-2000, 2002-03, 2003-04, 2009-10 and 2010-11) as shown in the table.

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 1

Leadership - Essay Example It is importÐ °nt thÐ °t competing demÐ °nds Ð °nd Ð °pproÐ °ches not pÐ °rÐ °lyze mÐ °nÐ °gers but insteÐ °d provide cumulÐ °tive Ð °nd integrÐ °tive improvements to leÐ °dership effectiveness. In view of Ð °bove, current pÐ °per provides impiricÐ °l Ð °pproÐ °ch towÐ °rd the concpet of leÐ °dership. BÐ °sing on the book of ChÐ °rles MÐ °nz Ð °nd Henry Sims, The New SuperLeÐ °dership, where the principÐ °l of self-leÐ °dership is peoneered, present discussion covers theorieticÐ °l review Ð °nd prÐ °cticÐ °l implicÐ °tion of types of leÐ °dership. It is the Ð °im of this pÐ °per to present new content Ð °nd exÐ °mples designed to help leÐ °ders develop the kind of Ð °utonomous, quick-reÐ °cting workforce necessÐ °ry to thrive in these turbulent times. I first introduce the theory of leÐ °dership styles. Through the discussion of two types of leÐ °drship, I grÐ °duÐ °lly comme to the discussion of effective leÐ °dership techniques Ð °nd end up with personÐ °l model of leÐ °dership. Using the exÐ °mples of two leÐ °ders this pÐ °per is Ð ° greÐ °t reflection of efficient Ð °nd inefficient Ð °pproÐ °ch to leÐ °dership. DrÐ °wing on contemporÐ °ry exÐ °mples Ð °nd profiles, mÐ °ny from the high-tech Ð °nd informÐ °tion sectors, MÐ °nz Ð °nd Sims shÐ °tter the myth of the trÐ °ditionÐ °l, Ð °ggrÐ °ndized versions of "heroic" leÐ °dership. They show thÐ °t Ð ° leÐ °der truly becomes successful by turning followers into extrÐ °ordinÐ °ry self-leÐ °ders-pillÐ °rs of strength thÐ °t will support the orgÐ °nizÐ °tion Ð °t every level. They detÐ °il Ð ° series of Ð °ction-oriented steps through which the SuperLeÐ °der provides Ð °n opportunity for followers to express Ð °nd develop their own leÐ °dership skills-Ð °nd in the process become highly motivÐ °ted, dynÐ °mic contributors. Coercion, Ð °s Ð ° meÐ °ns of influencing the behÐ °vior of others, depends upon the expectÐ °tion of specified positive or negÐ °tive consequences. Coercive power requires thÐ °t the

An Economic Concern In A South American Country Assignment

An Economic Concern In A South American Country - Assignment Example Over the past eight years, it experienced its single drop in GDP in the year 2009 when GDP fell by 0.6 percent. This was caused by the global recession that year. But it was one of the fastest to recover. In 2010, GDP grew by 7.5 percent and for 2011; it is expected to grow 5.6 percent. Moreover, for the next five years, barring any severe external shocks like another global recession, Brazil’s economy is expected to grow by 5.5 – 6 percent (EconomyWatch Content, 2010). Much of this growth comes from the services sector. It accounts for the biggest slice of total GDP with 67.5 percent. About 66 percent of the country’s labor force is employed in this sector (EconomyWatch Content, 2010). Major industries comprising this sector include telecommunications, energy, banking, commerce and computing services. In the field of energy, Brazil is one of the largest producers of hydroelectric power. It is also the ninth largest oil producer in the world. In the field of bank ing, large foreign banks have made huge investments in the country (EconomyWatch Content, 2010). The manufacturing industry is another large contributor to GDP with 26.4 percent of the total GDP pie and employs 14 percent of total labor force. Industries found in the country are automobile and parts, machinery and equipment, petrochemicals, computers, aircraft, textiles, steel, cement and consumer durables (EconomyWatch Content, 2010). Making up ten percent of total GDP is the export sector valued at USD 201.9 billion in 2010 (Gorn, n.d.). The bulk, or 60 percent, of its exports are manufactured and semi-manufactured goods. Commodities like oil, soy, coffee, iron ore and steel has also helped increase total exports. Lastly, Brazil is touted as the world’s largest producer of coffee, sugarcane, tropical fruits and orange juice, and has the largest cattle herd in the world (EconomyWatch Content, 2010). Other agricultural products are soybeans, tobacco, cocoa, corn, cotton and f orest products. Agriculture contributes 6.1 percent of GDP and employs 20 percent of the labor force (EconomyWatch Content, 2010). 4) What are 2–3 relationships between the economic concern you selected and that specific country's economy? Brazil’s growing economy has created a total of 14 million jobs since 2003 (EconomyWatch Content, 2010). Increases in GDP means that goods and services produced by businesses were being bought either by the local market or by the export market. And businesses have responded by increasing supply through the formation of new businesses or expansion of existing businesses. This therefore leads to higher employment rates. Thus, the unemployment rate has significantly gone down over the years. While unemployment increased from 7.9 percent in 2008 to 8.1 percent in 2009, this was mainly due to the slowdown in the global economy. However, in 2010 unemployment again dropped to 6.7 percent (EconomyWatch Content, 2010). The main benefit of hig her employment is higher incomes for the people in general. With higher incomes comes better quality of life. Comparing the per capita figures for 2009 and 2010, per capita income rose by 7.5 percent for the period (EconomyWatch Content, 2010). This has translated to higher demand for goods and services. With more money in people’s hands, generally, people’s tendency is to spend, which again redounds to the benefit of

Is the Cost of College Too High Annotated Bibliography

Is the Cost of College Too High - Annotated Bibliography Example Crouch, Michelle. "10 Reasons to Skip the Expensive Colleges: Are Ivy League schools really worth the price?" Reader’s Digest. September 2011. Web. 16 October 2013.The author disclosed ten reasons why it was argued that parents and decision makers of students pursuing higher education should think twice before opting to enroll in Ivy League schools due to exorbitant costs of college education. The strengths of the article, therefore, lie in clearly enumerating rationales for seeking other alternative options for pursuing higher education rather than setting their minds on Ivy League Schools. Likewise, at the end of the discourse, the author provided a link to the list of affordable colleges which could be considered as alternative options. The weaknesses that were noted include the lack of citations and a reference list where readers could verify the authenticity of the information that was provided; as well as the lack of statistical information that could validate arguments from an authoritative perspective. Overall, the discourse could still be used in the current research as a source of inputs for writing the proposed recommendations or courses of action, which could include the recommended option of seeking other least expensive educational institutions which could also provide an equally rewarding educational environment. Likewise, some examples that were noted could also be used; as long as these could be aptly verified as to their authenticity and reliability prior to inclusion in one’s research.

Funding Cuts on District Schools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Funding Cuts on District Schools - Essay Example To ensure that each child is catered for including the disabled and special needs children, district education boards assisted by the federal governments have over the time funded these schools. The district education board also recognizes that aspects of growth in a child are related; which means that the emotional, physical, social and intellectual needs in a child have to be catered for (Farguhar & Fitzsimons, 2007). This has forced the district boards to use massive budgets in employing different types of teachers and other instructors in the different fields to ensure a smooth growth in children under district schools. These areas of child growth make the idea of having several early childhood instructors an important undertaking in all district schools. However, currently, with the economic crisis in federal governments and the overall spending cuts by the central governments, there has been a crisis where the budges under the district schools required to runt these operations have been subjected to massive cuts and strict control in funding of these schools. This has been viewed by many as lack of a strong grip by the federal government on the education system, while others have feared that such massive cuts will affect the quality education for all children in these schools. However, considering the alternative approaches that district schools can apply to balance the effects of budget cuts, these budget cuts would not affect the quality of education in these schools. In most cases, schools are faced with serious budgetary constraints in their performance, which has been explained by many to affect the learning quality especially in early childhood education, where special care has to be taken in offering the children quality care that attributes directly to their growth.

CJUS 340 Research Question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CJUS 340 Research Question - Essay Example es in which one or two/more parties consent to commit a crime that does not hurt or violate a third party are prostitution, suicide, and gambling (McWilliams, 1996). Since no two victimless crimes are similar, these crimes have been categorized as low level or high level victimless crimes. This research seeks to answer the question â€Å"Is there such a thing as a victimless crime? To obtain and analyze data on this question, interviews and questionnaires will be presented to different types of participants who will have been recruited into the study. The targeted potential participants include inmates, junior and senior criminal justice system officers such as investigators and lawyers. Further, perpetrators of the alleged victimless crimes will be interviewed for their opinions and feelings about their crimes. Through face-to-face interviews and correspondence, participants will be able to give their views on this rather controversial issue. This collection of data will be followe d by an exhaustive analysis of the responses given and presentation of the obtained outcome. To be included in the presentation are the numerous recommendations that the participants will have given in response to questions that seek their opinion on the way forward on the issue of victimless crimes. As is the case in any other research, all the ethical and legal regulations will be obsereved and adhered to during the entire research, particularly the data collection and analysis stages, which require conformity to several legal and ethical requirements. For instance, the consent of all participants will be sought and the implication of their participation made quite clear to them. Further, the information given by participants will be treated

History of horror gener and two media crtiques (film analysis) about Essay

History of horror gener and two media crtiques (film analysis) about Dracula 1931 and Frankenstein 1931 - Essay Example Since, the stories that are not relating to realty or generated to exaggerate a scene about a situation, many sorts of genre were introduced to the film industry. Such forms of stories are categorized as fiction. In all the cultures around the world there is a concept of the devil, demon, and negative darkness. In the earlier centuries, civilizations had a strong concept of non-physical spirits, which were meant to horrify people. The legends about monsters and heroes that defeated them and saved lives of many have been heard for over several millenniums. Even in the Chinese dynasty, it is found to be believed on ancestors worship since 1500 years B.C. Probably every culture having a set of stories and tales that  make a  person wondering and having  chills gave rise to horror movie’s genre in films (Spadoni, 2009). In the horror category, first the Gothic tradition took part with a novel, The Castle of Otranto, by Horace Walpole (1764). That novel gave popularity to the word ‘Horror, leaving its readers stilted as it had a supernatural shock. Then came other writers who gave us the short stories and novels in this category. One of them was the first great and classic novel ‘Frankenstein’ in 1818, written by Mary Shelley. Bram Stoker and Edgar Allan Poe were also the famous gothic writers of the 18th century. It was through the gothic literature that the horror genre inspired the filmmakers as a unique category. This genre also gave rise to the Halloween monsters, which is a fast approaching concept. The term ‘Horror’ is a projection of fear, it is a part of  the  imagination, whether we appreciate it or not. The modernized horror genre had been introduced for about 200 years ago. This genre was popular in books and theater. The first horror film was made in 1930, ‘Spook Tale’ from 1895, by Lumpier brothers. In the 19th

Measurement Of Concrete Workability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Measurement Of Concrete Workability - Essay Example The volume of water affects the density of the concrete. The more the water content, the greater the workability of the concrete. High contents of water results in higher fluidity and hence better workability. An increase in the water/cement ratio decreases the compressive strength of the concrete. Large water/cement ratios increase the fluidity of the mixture and this can even cause the concrete to collapse. The method of curing used also affects the strength of the compressive strength of the mixture. All methods except the air curing method increase the compressive strength. Characteristic strength is used since it is normally based on statistical concepts as it is the strength below which no more than 5 % of all the cubes that have been tested from the concrete mixture will fall. It is expected that 95 % of all the cube samples will have strength in excess of the design characteristic strength. The practicality of placing concrete into a tightly spaced mold containing reinforceme nt is limited by the process of casting the concrete and the cost of performing this operation. In order to achieve a good compaction, vibration is done on the concrete mix using a screed board vibrator. This removes the air spaces present in the mixture. The amount of water available in the mix improves the workability of the concrete. The greater the content of water, the greater the workability of the concrete. High contents of water usually result in higher fluidity and hence better workability.

Worldview Assignment Essay Example for Free

Worldview Assignment Essay The idea of God being actively involved in His creation is a core, fundamental belief or doctrine found in Christianity. In fact I’d venture to say that it is one of the first things a person must realize and recognize about God in order to better understand the other aspects of Him and also our role in the world. In the very first verse of the Bible, (Genesis 1:1) we read that God created the heavens and the Earth. Over the course of the next five days, he created everything else including humans, animals, basically- everything. However, He did not stop there, he didn’t just â€Å"wind up the clock and let it tick† so to speak, but rather he is still actively involved in his creation everywhere from a universal perspective all the way down do an individual basis. One thing we must keep in mind though is that we will never be fully able to understand God. Erikson says in his book, Christian Doctrine â€Å"God can never be captured in human concepts.† Later he states, â€Å"There will always be a difference gap between God and human beings.† We will never be able to completely understand Him, but he reveals enough of himself to us for us to be able to comprehend some of His most important characteristics. Another aspect that is very important to consider, is that God enjoys his creation. We find in Genesis 1:31 â€Å"God saw all that he had made, and it was very good.† What does that mean to us as his creation? It means that He cares for us and is invested in us. Not invested in way that means he is reliant on us, however he wants best for us. God created Humans in â€Å"His image† according to Genesis. This means that we are special to Him, and even more- He wants to have a relationship with us. This further means that he created us with the intention of staying involved. In Isaiah 43:7 it says â€Å"Everyone who is called by My name, and whom I have created for My glory, whom I have formed, even whom I have made. The first half of that verse is particularly relevant in the context of discussing why we are here and what God expects from us. In Ephesians 2:10 it says, â€Å"for good works, which God prepared ahead of time, so that we should walk in them† What this tells us is that God has actively been active  and involved in His creation- eve n before He created it. So what does all this mean for the modern Christian? First and foremost it means that we have a reason for being here, secondly it means that we are serving an active God, who is currently involved in our lives. As M.J. Erikson says in his book Christian Doctrine p87 â€Å"†¦God is present and active within his creation and within the human race, even those members it that do not believe in or disobey him. His influence is everywhere.† This means that, as Christians, we are to treat everyone as Gods creation; not just other believers. For example, I am currently in the military and would like to pursue a career in intelligence/government after I graduate from Liberty. So how does the fact that God is currently involved in my life affect me on my career? It means that I need to maintain my integrity at all times, and with everyone I come in contact with. While still attempting to be as competitive as possible in this field, I must also keep in mind that God has a specific plan for me, ((Jeremiah 29:11. 12) â€Å"For I know the plans I have for you†¦you will call to Me and come and pray to Me, and I will listen to you.†) and that anybody that I would be potentially figh ting against for a certain position or privilege is also part of God’s creation. Which means they deserve respect and honesty from me. Just like Erikson says in his book, â€Å"By virtue of our origin, we have kinship with the rest of God’s creation, and in particular with the entire human race.† One of the most obvious scenarios I can see myself in where respect for another human is required regardless of whether I think they deserve it or not; is if somebody with authority over me in the Army tells me to do something. Something which I know is a waste of time or pointless, but I must do it anyways because they are in authority over me. My main motivation for doing so is because I know that God placed him in authority over me, and secondarily because I will face punishment (from him, not God) if I don’t! In conclusion, we have to realize that when God created everything, he didn’t just kick back and is now just watching us do our thing for his entertainment. He is actively involved if our world and our lives. To deny so, would be to deny one of the basest principles found in the Bible. He cares about every one of us, a quote from Erikson’s book which reads â€Å"God personally cares for those who are His.† Let us try to live lives which reflect that love that we receive from him in every way possible. Bibliography Erickson, Millard. Introducing Christian Doctrine, 2nd ed. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2001.

Main place of work Essay Example for Free

Main place of work Essay Three key points of legislation that affect employers in a business are: 1. Health and safety at Work Act 2. National Minimum Wage Act 1998 3. Pension 2b) List three key points of legislation that affect employees in a business environment. Three key points of legislation that affect employees are: 1. Data Protection Act 1998 2. The Equality Act 2010 3. The Working Time Regulations 3. Identify a range of places where a person can find information on employment rights and responsibilities. You should identify at least two internal and two external sources of information. Internal sources of information: 1. Terms of employment contract 2. Organisation policies and procedures 3. Informed college 4. Line managers 5. Trade union representatives External sources of information: 1. Citizen Advice Bureau 2. ACAS (Conciliation and Arbitration Service) 3. Government agencies 4. Libraries 5. Legal professionals 4. Describe how representative bodies can support employees. Representative bodies are organisations that represent the interest and rights of the employees. They can offer support to employees by negotiating pay and terms of employment and providing information, consultation and legal services. They also can help employees with pensions and collective redundancy issues. 5. Briefly describe employer and employee responsibilities for equality and diversity in a business environment. You should give at least two employer responsibilities and two employee responsibilities. If possible, provide relevant equality and diversity procedures from your workplace (or place of study) to support your answer. These documents should be annotated to highlight the relevant sections. The employer has the responsibility to develop and apply policies and procedures reflecting equality and diversity latest legislation, make sure that the line managers promote fair treatment and train the employees in equality and diversity topics. The employees responsibilities are to understand and respect the policies and procedures of the organisation regarding equality and diversity and respect others regardless of disabilities , ethnicity, gender etc.

A Case Study Of Barclays Bank Marketing Essay

A Case Study Of Barclays Bank Marketing Essay Marketing is the process of planning and executing the developing, pricing, promotion and distribution of good and services to satisfy individuals needs and organisational goals. This simply means that marketing deals with general public by identifying their needs and wants through the research process to anticipate the future to make such a product that satisfies the required needs and generate reasonable profit for the organisation. During the past banking era their was no need of marketing strategies which include creativity, innovation, customer relations, public relations, promotions and marketing research. Businesses operates in such a market where little or no attempt was made to care much about customers needs, however products are sold as a result of less availability of substitute goods. But in the recent years banking industry has been evolved by the intense competition, due to the deregulation in the financial system of the economies. Banks realised the role of marketing in understanding needs of individuals and provision of the services accordingly. In todays competitive world where every one wants to get value for their hard earned money Banks has recognised that marketing is the only tool towards the sustainable life of banking system. Keeping in mind the customers sovereignty more attention has now been given to the consumers. This situation creates more need for adopting various marketing strategies to satisfy customers. To create a good impression with the use of marketing strategies, variety of promotional activities have to be inculcated in banking system, to get customers attention, to prompt advertisement and public relations to induce the interest of the public. Generally provided services by the banks to the customers are in the form of depositing money and then subsequent credit to the customers account, provision of loans, factoring services to companies, overdraft facilities and advances to the clients. In conclusion, now banks have to do more emphasis on marketing strategies in Oder to fulfil their obligations towards, customers, public, shareholders, stakeholders, employees, and the whole nation in general. PART 1 Project objectives and overall research approach Background of the Company: Barclays is one of the major and world wide famous global financial service providers, founded in 1690, headquartered in London, United Kingdom. Its is a universal bank which is engaged in retail and commercial banking, debit cards, credit cards, investment banking, investment and wealth management, and corporate banking etc with more then 300 years expertise in banking Barclays have extensive existence in more then 50 territories including Europe, Asia, America and Africa and have more the 48 million customers. In 2008 Barclays has signed an agreement to purchase the investment-banking and trade divisions of Lehman Brothers, a United States financial Institute who got bankrupt. In that deal Barclays acquired the headquarter building of Lehman Brothers bases in New York. Reports show that in 2009 the UK government offered to inject  £40  billion (US$69  billion) into three banks including Barclays, which may look for over  £7  billion. Barclays later confirmed that it refused that offer and raised  £6.5  billion of new resources ( £2  billion by annulment of dividend and  £4.5  billion from private investors). Barclays has developed very advanced and extremely diverse portfolio of financial services in the provision of services to customers in managing their money in such a way that benefits them most. Barclays bank operates within two business clusters: Corporate and Investment Banking and Wealth and Investment Management; and Retail and Business Banking. An overview of financial services provided by Barclays bank includes: World wide banking Barclays card Barclays Capital Barclays Wealth Retail banking and commercial banking Global Investors Strategic Overview of Barclays: The ambition of Barclays bank is to become the leading global financial service provider of all universal banks. By this statement means providing a wide range of retail and commercial services to consumers throughout the world. Barclays Strategies follows a simple principle: fulfilling needs of its customers, by providing excellent customer service and helping them in achieving their goals. Barclays bank has a clear overview of the growth sources in financial service industry, to align them in terms of capability to capture the opportunities arose from the investment trends. Organisational Structure of Barclays: Sir David Walker is the Group Chairman who joined the board in 2012, and Antony Jenkins is the Group Chief Executive since 2009. The topic selected and its context: The topic selected for the Research and Analysis Project is about the marketing strategies of an organisation and its effectiveness. Barclays bank has been chosen for the Research and Analysis Project in the context of An evaluative report on Barclays bank to overview its marketing strategies and in depth analysis of their effectiveness. Reasons for selecting this topic: Marketing concept is the business philosophy that states that customers want and satisfaction is the economic and social justification for a firms existence. Once a service has been offered with specific distinctive features customer appeal, the customer is prepared to buy the service/product and switch from other providers to the one with the appeal. By focusing on that philosophy following are the reasons of selecting this topic. As an student I get the opportunity to explore more about the marketing strategies of world re-known organisation especially while studying the topic in preparing towards exam, where this topic was briefly discussed I have sufficient knowledge to determine the business strategies used and figure out its effectiveness in the growth and profitability of the organisation. Instead of this point can we add below point Can we say My studies in the areas of Accounting and Finance and business and management work experience advantaged me with good business and management knowledge which certainly help me to devise business strategies and evaluate their contribution towards the growth and profitability of the organisation however the research will develop my knowledge and understanding about the use and effectiveness of marketing strategies in the perspective of financial institutions which are normally not associated with marketing area. The marketing strategy of an organisation and its effectiveness is not only the vital part of syllabus, but also advocates the organisation to satisfy customers needs rather then to persuade the customer to buy what they provide. (Link Marketing and Finance such as Marketing attract customers and make sales happen which eventually generates finance therefore Being in the area of Accounting and Finance it is important to have good knowledge about Marketing in order to manage and predict companies financial position accurately. ) Adopt the red highlighted area if you consider it appropriate. To evaluate the marketing strategies of an organisation and measuring its effectiveness, both business and financial analysis are very important. Financial analysis only tells how a business is doing and its financial position and business analysis explains the businesss strategy about how the business has gained such a financial position. So the combination of both analyses is the best way to analyse the businesss position. 1.3 Project objectives To analyse the marketing strategies of Barclays bank and forming an in-depth discussion of how these are directly related to the revenue, profits, customers satisfaction, losses, controvercies, cash balances, and stock prices of Barclays plc. To evaluate the factor s that lead to the direct effect on growth rate of the Barclays plc. To ascertain the macroeconomic as well as microeconomic factors those affect the financial performance of Barclays plc. To understand the global trends and fashions adopted in the industry as well as viewing the Barclays as playing a key role in global aviation industry. Observation of the effects of modern technology on the performance of Barclays on financial and economic grounds. 1.4 Question Selected for Research: In the history of banks failure and as a result its impact on the overall economy are the reasons why banks are unable to fulfil their obligations towards their employees, customers, shareholders and stakeholders. Financial service industry has lost the confidence reposed on them by the customers because of the incompetent service, impersonal treatment and inability to satisfy the effective demand of the community for bank services. All these result in customers dissatisfaction and disgust. In reaction, the success of the financial service industry depends largely on the application of marketing techniques in their day to day operations in meeting the challenge of competitive business environment. Since competition was more or less unknown in the immediate past banking era there was a little or no need for marketing strategies which include innovation into consumers needs and wants through marketing research, new service development, public relations and sales promotions. Banks then concentrated mainly on the advertising as their only marketing strategy. In pursuing this research endeavour, the researcher has focused on the marketing strategies which play an important role in competing in the market place to adopt the marketing concept towards achieving aims and objectives of Barclays plc. 1.5 Rationale of the Research With the help of this research, the researcher tried to explore the strategies that lie within the organisation. By focussing on the Barclays plc, the researcher has tried to bring out the benefits of marketing techniques adopted which helped them being one of the re known bank of the world. Thus, this research can really prove to be beneficial as it has highlighted the effectiveness in terms of customer satisfaction towards Barclays plc. 1.6 Methodology used for Research: An organized effort ensures profiting results. Therefore, a well-planned and organized research effort promises worthwhile outcomes. Research Methodology is basically à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the manner in which we attempt to solve problems in a systematic effort to push back the frontier of human ignorance or to confirm the validity of the solutions to problems others have presumably resolved (Leedy, 1985). This gets the researchers involved into the decisions of the technical and practical considerations regarding the particular research endeavour. Mouton and Marais (1988) regards it à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the logic of the application of scientific methods to the investigation of phenomenonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the logic of the decision making process in scientific research. In short, the research methodology is a decisive outline of the intended study, its philosophy, design or, the techniques and the tools that are to be used to collect and analyse the primary data, the sampling from the population, and the contemplation for the reliability, validity and ethical considerations. It also includes how the researcher is going to present t he data in the easily comprehendible manner. All these things compliment the research topic chosen and opted for (Goddard, 2004). It is the concern for the researcher to get an effective and reliable data for research work. In this regards both primary data and secondary data has been used. It was observed by the researcher that only single method employed may not be enough for res I used various methods to collect data and information which was required for the research project. The worthiest way was the meeting with the financial director which answered most of my research questions to achieve the research objective and it also helped me to understand the business objective of the company. I did a lot of search through internet search engines to analyze and interpret my research questions and without this I wouldnt have been able to achieve my objective. Comment: This section informs what research methodology is but does not tell us what methodology has been adopted whether research will be carried out through quantitative, qualitative or mixed methods. Please specify that you justify why a particular methodology will be adopted. PART 2 Information gathering and accounting/business techniques For the information gathering different approached has been used for the research and analysis project: see my comment highlighted in blue in 2.2. Internet is one of the main secondary sources of quick information and research, which has been widely, is used in doing this project. It took considerable time to separate the related data from the information available. I also used the companys website for collection of information where most of information was available. Further information was also collected regarding marketing policies and strategies, ethical issues and their impact on the business and economy. ACCA Professional level Manuals, namely P1 (Professional Accountant) and P3 (Business Analysis) also helped in my understanding of ethical issues and their impact on the business. Conventional library research: soon after choosing the topic for my research and analysis, I started to read relevant reports from different books, in articles published in business magazines and journals and existing reports on the company. All research was carried out in libraries across London such as British Library, City Business Library, and Ilford Central library London, This process enabled me to gather and analyses the information relating to Barclays plc. Questionnaires for getting the general views and opinions of the general public has been used as primary source of information, which is more reliable as research has put a lot of effort to administer them as accurate as possible to get best outcome, which could justify with the project as well as could be helpful for Barclays in future. 2.2 Methodology used to collect information Based on the Research and Analysis project objectives of the research primary and secondary data collection techniques, a questionnaire will be formed in order to collect the primary data for this research project. Comment: This statement should be presented in the beginning of Part 2 of your report above. You have to elaborate the Primary and Secondary sources that what techniques will be applied for primary and secondary data. (Merge this section with above and explain primary and secondary sources separately. You gain need to make sure it links with your chosen research methodology (qualitative, quantitative or mixed methods). 2.3 The limitations of information gathering Although there was a huge sum of information available about marketing techniques, the objective of researcher was to only gather information related to the service industry. While collecting the data some limitations was considered: Most of the information researcher has used to produce this repost is collected from the books, questionaries and internet Researcher focused on using of secondary data for project which was conveniently available and reliable but some problems with secondary data included: Data out of date Incomplete Data Format incompatible for peers comparative information Data inaccessible / not presented in useful form Sometimes the information about the current marketing techniques which are highly sensitive for any company was not readily available and it appeared to be very difficult to arrange a meeting with the management of company. At times, some information may have characteristically been overlooked due to human error which may have not resulted in the desired results in information gathering. Some of the information required specialist knowledge to understand and may be difficult for public to understand. The management of the most of the organization is reluctant to provide any information which is publicly not available. So I have to rely on the data which is publicly available through different sources. Another problem with information gathering was that organizations normally never publish information which could have an adverse impact on their image. In view of this, I gathered the information from secondary sources although it may have proved relatively less reliable and fair. 2.4 Ethical issues arose during information gathering and their solutions Some of the ethical issues arose in information gathering processes are: I got some of the information from different articles which were published about Barclays plc. The ethical issues to look out for in the articles were any possible examples of potentially misleading advertisements, or complaints of customers. Most of the information collect and utilized by the researcher used in report is unbiased. Researcher did not get any information or feedback of questions which could have been ethically wrong. Researcher has tried to get feedback and opinion from the public through questionnaires but some members of the public were reluctant to give their views, although some were not aware of the terminology. Researcher has tried to gather information from individuals who could have had an influence in the economic forums / discussions / financial industry and marketing managers of financial service providers about marketing strategies; however they appeared to be more concerned about economic wealth and companys individuality. Researcher of the project tried to gather some of information from staff members of the company, based at Barclays plc. Main branch in, London but that was very hard to approach them regarding the topic chosen for the research and analysis project. 2.5 The accounting/business techniques used and their limitations I used internet search engines Google search. I found Google search to be a very good tool to get answers from different websites. It returned relevant web results to my search queries and directed me to various websites, newspapers and books. And I also put my questions on Yahoo Answers and got different answers from different panels. This was very useful tool as it helped me a lot on different occasions. I used MS Excel to create a questionnaire in the form of a check list, and marked relevant boxes with (Æ’-) or ( ´) depending on my findings. The sheet can be seen in Appendix 1. For this information I visited the companys websites for both Barclays plc. And read all information which provided answers to the questionnaire prepared in the Excel sheet. Graphical presentation of data obtained from the questionnaires of the general opinion of the public has been which helped me understand the strategic view point about marketing and customers thinking and approach of banks and financial services. It also indicated how the banks plan to achieve their targets by operational efficiency and new technology. PART 3 Results, analysis, conclusions and recommendations 3.1 The United Kingdom Financial System: It is very difficult to highlight the importance of banks in todays economic system to have a good relationship between banks and other sectors of the economy. This is because of the crucial role that banks plays in an economys financial system. According to Adam Smith in 1934 the banking system was one of the key agents in the whole process of development. Banks speed up the process of economic development by mobilizing the available resource and making more funds for them as well as for economy. Financial system stability assessment, prepared by the Monetary and Exchange affairs and the European I Departments, Approved by Stefan Ingves Micheal Deppler Feburary 7, 2003. This financial system stability assessment (FSSA) is based on work of an IMF mission that visited United Kingdom (UK) as part of financial sector assessment programme (FSAP) in February, May and July, 2002. In addition, mission members visited supervisors in New York and Germany to discuss cross border supervision related issues related to the UK, and undertook work related to global market in London during an international Capital Markets Department mission in there March 2002. Follow up discussions on the FSAP findings took place from November 21-27. 2002 in the context of the 2002 Article IV consultation. Potential risks for the UK banking system arise from both domestic and International sources. Slower than envisaged recovery in global demand or further declines in global equity prices are the major risks for UK banking system. On the domestic side, high household and corporate debt levels have so far been offset by effects on servicing capacity of low interests rates and a relatively mild slowdown in activity in late 2001 and early 2002. However, risk to the financial system could arise from deteriorating domestic economic conditions, rising unemployment, or higher interest rates than currently expected, especially if these are accompanied by significant declines in property prices from their current high levels. These factors also need to be seen against the trend towards some narrowing in profit margins at least among the bigger banks, due in part to continuing competitive pressures, regulatory pressures to limits some service fees, and rising loan loss provisions. 3.2 The Market Concept and Service Marketing: The growth of services industry is not only because of marketing development but due to economic growth and advanced standards of living. Initially service sector of the economy is not marketing oriented. Marketing factor has been ignored and lagged behind as compared to the product sector of the economies. And generally been slow in promotional activities, strategies and marketing techniques. By the research on this project few reasons for the lacking of marketing in service industry could be identified. Services are intangible and hence create difficult marketing challenges for service industry. Services providers such as in banks think themselves as a creator rather than as a marketer of financial services. They emphasise to equate marketing with selling and they fail to consider other part of the marketing system. Now most of the successful banks adopted advanced marketing strategies in order to achieve their objectives, as from the past experiences it has been noticed that marketing in both sectors is very crucial. Now we can see the established marketing function, and research in marketing and development is emphasised. 3.3 Features of Financial Services: Specific nature of financial service creates specific marketing challenges and opportunities. These results in strategic marketing programs which are generally different from product marketing. Some of the important features of financial services are: Intangibility Heterogeneity Fluctuating Demand Inseparability Barclays Marketing definition is Marketing stretches you right from the beginning of a marketing process to launch. (Robin Martin, 2011 Future Leader Marketing and Products) 3.4 Evaluation of services provided by Banks: Banks are doing lot of effort to attract retail businesses as well as individuals. For the customers continence banks credit cards have been introduced. More advanced and upgraded services such as insurance policies, monthly bills payments methods, personal financial help, 24 hour money withdrawal facilities and e banking have been launched. Some of the highlighted services of banks for individuals, and business customers are: Debit cards Cash dispenser and automated teller machine Investment management Safe custody and safe deposit Finance provision for businesses Money transfer facilities Insurance policies Advisory services. 3.5 Marketing Processes: As it is obvious that customers are central to the marketing so banks or any financial institutes have to do continuous research to identify and respond to the needs of the customers profitability. In the marketing process starting point is to recognise the individuality and recognising their importance, which they differ from each other and hence their needs and wants are different from each other. A bank cannot satisfy all needs of the customers, so the second stage in the marketing process is recognising which customers and which needs would be potentially profitable for them. Marketing is a continuous process and for effective and successful marketing, banks needs to make their purpose clear also strategies they employee to accomplish their objectives. Bank Marketing Objectives Banks Strengths and Weaknesses Opportunities and ThreatsThe overall marketing process starts with the corporate objectives of the Barclays as illustrated in the figure, in the context of mission statement, as the directional beacon provides the strategies and objectives for the realisation of the objectives.Consedring other aspects of strategic management, the process involves continuous discussion, analysation, evaluation, review feedback and decision to reconcile and harmonize the marketing techniques with corporate objectives from which the marketing objectives derive. Environmental Analysis Bank Marketing Organisation Bank Marketing Strategy Appraisal Relocation of Sources Strategic Planning 3.6 Approach of marketing of financial services: Developing marketing programme in service industry is very challenging, however as in product marketing management should first define its marketing objectives and its target markets. For that management should develop, design and implement marketing mix strategies to figure out its markets and fulfil marketing goal. Marketing manager of financial services should understand the component and population and income as they affect the market for the services. They need to determine for each market segment, why customers buy the given services. Market segmentation for the financial services enables the banks to select the potentially most profitable segment, and to concentrate resources on the segment chosen, thus making activity better focussed and less wasteful. 3.7 Planning and Developing Strategies of Services: In the marketing process of planning and developing new services, management should select appropriate strategies regarding: What services will be offered. What will be the length and breadth of the services mix offered? What needs to be done in the way of service attributes such as customer relations or providing guarantees? It is impressive to take into account consideration the centrality of the customer and what makes him need the services. Whether corporate or personal, customers needs vary and change throughout their lifetime. Design, audit, producing and developing the service require continuous research and regular review of it features, the use of packaging with other associated services and the trend in the market place. Competitors services and their effects similarly require continuous marketing research, as do the changes in the consumer preferences, so that new and modified services can be introduced to meet anticipated changes in demand and consumer requirements. 3.8 Pricing Strategies of services: Price is very important factor for customer consideration. Subject to regularity constraints, price is relatively flexible element in the market. The elasticity of demand for financial services should influence the price set by the seller. 3.9 Channel of Distribution of Services: In recent years, some organisations have realised that the characteristics of inseparability is not an insurmountable limitation to a sellers distribution system. The location of the service seller or the sellers agent should be conveniently accessible to customers. Banks have increased their businesses their business by installing 24-hour mechanical tellers and by setting up teller windows for drive in customers. The laudable week 3.10 Customer Relations: As on the one hand government provides the legislative and regulatory environment, same like on other hand customers provides the market. As suppliers of the stock in trade deposits and consumers of the services, customers constitute the pillar and lifeline for banking. Therefore they make the greatest demand on banks, the most important being getting their money back when they want it and some of the banks money when they need it. In the market place customers are broken down into groups with different ideas of what they want. The largest group is the one looking for a low-price, no frills services- but of course low prices often go hand in hand with low profits. The group who are prepared to pay for exceptional quality is small, but probably more profitable for the company. The company has to decide where its own strengths lie in terms of meeting customer expectation, and then decide whether it is able to meet the needs of its chosen target group better than the competition can do it (Jim Blythe, Principle Practice of Marketing, 2005, p-178) In these different groups of customers, the Barclays plc lies in the group D, which customer are willing to pay more for exceptional quality, because the airline are operating at premium services. Premium customers also want reliability and consistency in the services and like the increased flexibility. 3.11 Statistical Tools Applied in Data Analysis: Questionnaires as a primary source of information are used in collecting data. In the questionnaires both the open ended and close ended form of questions has been used to control and guide the respondents from deviating unnecessarily from the subject of the research and to prevent them from giving irrelevant views about the subject matter. The data obtained from the questionnaires is administered and analysed accurately, but to the concern of the researcher is to obtain the desired result from the diverse opinion and multiple suggestions. Different tools such as tables, charts, pie charts, diagrams and other mathematical and statistical calculations involving averages, ratios, and percentages have been used to analyse and evaluate the data obtained from the questionnaires. Comments: Part 3 is a major part and it is very weak. You mentioned that questionnaire will be used. Then where is the analysis of those questions asked in the questionnaire. That analysis should be presented in this section. The project is related to accounting therefore you would have presented some factual information through Balance Sheet or Profit and Loss statement and indicate how much expenses organisation is making on Marketing. It would be good if some rations are used to calculate that the expenditures on marketing is producing some profits for the company. The information can be collected from internet ot other sources etc. Overall project should be for 60

Frankenstein Visits Utopia :: Shelley More Utopia Frankenstein Essays

Introduction â€Å"I HAD DESIRED IT WITH AN ARDOR THAT FAR EXCEEDED MODERATION; BUT NOW THAT I HAD FINISHED, THE BEAUTY OF THE DREAM VANISHED, AND BREATHLESS HORROR AND DISGUST FILLED MY HEART.† This statement by Mary Shelley, from the story Frankenstein, reflects the passions of men to pursue dreams, despite the often imminent consequences of their actions. In Thomas More’s Utopia, the reader experiences a similar tension for an uncertain place called Utopia. This place is described by a visitor to this land, named Raphael, as having a perfect society. How will Frankenstein fit in Utopia? Lets find out from Sir Thomas More, as both he and I can now see Frankenstein’s boat approaching, in return from a six month stay on the island of Utopia. We have not been in contact with Frankenstein since his departure in June. As far as we know, all is well, considering the saying ‘no news is good news.’ Book One More:While we have a few minutes, let me fill you in on some details about the island and its inhabitants, as described by Raphael’s five year visit. I would also like to reveal to you Frankenstein’s plight that led him to flee to such a place as Utopia. I am certain that Frankenstein’s perspective of Utopia will not be as representative as Raphael’s, but the feedback will undoubtedly be quite interesting. Many years ago, I had the opportunity to interview Raphael immediately after his return from Utopia. Over the span of a lunch sitting, Raphael described this island in vivid detail. Some of these descriptions I have long since forgotten due to a fire that engulfed my office, incinerating all my notes from this visit with Raphael. Still, I am quite aware of the wondrous details provided to me by Raphael’s account, including the intricacies of such a well organized and fascinating political system, and the overall quality of life, where nobody owns anything, but everyone is rich. I can never forget Raphael’s statement, â€Å"for what greater wealth can there be than cheerfulness, peace of mind, and freedom from anxiety?† We shall soon see if this statement holds water. On that note, let me begin with the politics of Utopia and then I will brief all the other interesting facets that make this island so unique. I would also like to inform you of my predictions of the effects this island should have on Mr.

Marx’s Alienation of Labour Essay -- Karl Marx Labour Essays

Marx’s Alienation of Labour There is deep substance and many common themes that arose throughout Marx’s career as a philosopher and political thinker. A common expressed notion throughout his and Fredrick Engels work consists of contempt for the industrial capitalist society that was growing around him during the industrial revolution. Capitalism according to Marx is a â€Å"social system with inherent exploitation and injustice†. (Pappenheim, p. 81) It is a social system, which intrinsically hinders all of its participants and specifically debilitates the working class. Though some within the capitalist system may benefit with greater monetary gain and general acquisition of wealth, the structure of the system is bound to alienate all its participants. This paper intends to evaluate Karl Marx’s theory of alienated labour. In doing so it will demonstrate how capitalism both a century and a half ago, and to this very day, produces and also perpetuates alienation within the work environment. Though Marx’s theory of alienation is not without its flaws, the fundamental backbone to his theory is still relevant to this day. A critical element is to take Marx’s basic premises of alienation into context and realize that the capitalist world has evolved tremendously since Marx’s work during the early years of Industrial Revolution. Marx’s concept of alienation can be defined as â€Å"the distortion of human nature that is caused by the domination of the worker by the ‘alien will’ of the capitalist† estrangement (Ritzer, p. 55). A key element to his theory of alienation focuses on the individual’s experience of feeling powerlessness when they fail to realize their own human potential, which in turn causes false consciousness. His theory is based upon his dialectics and on the totality of reciprocal relationships to nature and to other individuals within society, which are motivated and perpetuated by the need for material things. Marx’ theoretical concept of alienation was forged during his transition from the Critique of Hegel to the Critique of Economic philosophy. It was during this time that the issues of labour and class became central to his theories. In Marx’s early writing’s, specifically ‘The Economic Philosophical Manuscript’ written in 1844, he presented the types of alienation which where interdependent and rooted in the productive labour of capitalism.... ...f Maryland. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Baltimore, MD., 2000. Alienation and the Social System edited Finifter, W., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Toronto, Ontario, 1972. Joachim, I., Alienation: From Marx to Modern Sociology; A Macrosociological Analysis, Allyn & Bacon, Boston, MA., 1971. Pappenheim, F., ‘The Alienation of Modern Man; An Interpretation Based On Marx and Tonnies’, New York, New York., Modern Reader, 1967. Marx, Karl, & Engels, Fredrich, The Communist Manifesto, Bantam Books, New York, New York, 1992. Marx, Karl, ‘Economic & Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844’, Marx - Engels Collected Works Volume 3: Karl Marx Internet Archive, Progress Publishers, 1932. Retrieved from [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1844/manuscripts/preface.htm] & [http://csf.colorado.edu/psn/marx/archive/1844-epm/1st.html] Kuhn, Rick, ‘Introductions to Marxism’, retrieved from [http://www.anu.edu.au/polsci/marx/intros.html] KARL MARX – ALIENATION [http://acme.highpoint.edu/~rramke/Marx-A.html] The Alienation of Labor, retrieved from [http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/MODERN/ALIEN.HTM] Microsoft Encarta 98 Encyclopedia, Copyright 1993-1997 Microsoft Corporation.

Metropolitan vs. Colonial Space in Forster’s A Passage to India and Lawrence’s Women in Love :: Passage India

Metropolitan vs. Colonial Space in Forster’s A Passage to India and Lawrence’s Women in Love   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At first glance, it seems easy to state a definitive distinction between what Said calls â€Å"metropolitan space† and â€Å"colonial space.† In its simplest form, metropolitan space is the space occupied by the colonizers. Examples of this include England, France and the places these people reside in while living in these colonies. Likewise, colonial space is that which is occupied by those who are colonized. India and Africa are both good examples of this. However, upon closer inspection, it is clear that this distinction is not as simple as it may originally appear.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although the above definitions are accurate, they are also incomplete. As Said says, colonialism is not a â€Å"simple act of accumulation and acquisition (9).† The distinction between metropolitan space and colonial space does not lie solely within physical and tangible spaces. It also exists in the mindsets and attitudes of the people involved in colonialism. Said points out that a direct result of colonialism is that it comes with changes in attitudes (52).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another important element of the distinction between metropolitan and colonial spaces is the understanding that this distinction exists because of the differences in power. Said defines metropolitan space as a â€Å"socially desirable empowered space (52).† He goes on to say that metropolitan spaces are connected to colonial spaces by the â€Å"design, motive and development† of these colonial spaces. Further, he says that cultures want to move into these colonial spaces because they are viewed as ‘desirable but subordinate (52).† This point is especially important to note. There is a definite understanding that those who occupy the metropolitan space have the power while those who occupy the colonial space do not.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The vocabulary used is also an essential element of the distinction between the two spaces. Said mentions that some of the key elements/words associated with colonialism include: â€Å"inferior† and â€Å"subordinate peoples. (9)† These terms further reinforce the division of power.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  E.M. Forster’s A Passage to India is a prime example of the distinction between metropolitan and colonial spaces. Using the simplest definition, Forster presents an India where the distinction between metropolitan and colonial spaces is very clear. Metropolitan space is present in the form of England, but also is present locally in the form of the club. The Indians occupy their own colonial spaces that the British rarely enter into.

Financial statements Essay

1) Which of the following statements is true? 2) Notes to the financial statements include which of the following: 3) Which of the following financial statements is divided into major categories of operating, investing, and financing activities? 4) If the retained earnings account increases from the beginning of the year to the end of the year, then 5) If services are rendered on account, then 6) An investment by the stockholders in a business increases 7) Using accrual accounting, expenses are recorded and reported only: 8) A small company may be able to justify using a cash basis of accounting if they have: 9) Stockholders’ equity can be described as claims of 10) Common stock is reported on the 11) The Vintage Laundry Company purchased $6,500 worth of laundry supplies on June 2 and recorded the purchase as an asset. On June 30, an inventory of the laundry supplies indicated only $2,000 on hand. The adjusting entry that should be made by the company on June 12) On July 1 the Fisher Shoe Store paid $15,000 to Acme Realty for 6 months rent beginning July 1. Prepaid Rent was debited for the full amount. 13) Use the following data to determine the total dollar amount of assets to be classified as current assets. 14) Use the following data to calculate the current ratio. KoonceOffice Supplies Balance Sheet December 31, 2012 Cash $130,000 Accounts Payable $140,000 Prepaid Insurance 60,000 Salaries Payable 20,000 Accounts Receivable 100,000 Mortgage Payable 160,000 15) In horizontal analysis, each item is expressed as a percentage of the 16) When a change in depreciation method occurs: 17) Which of the following statements is true with respect to financial statement reporting for all cases when a company changes from one acceptable accounting method to another? 18) Which of the following would be considered a change in accounting principle? 19) From an internal control standpoint, the asset most susceptible to improper diversion and use is 20) A very small company would have the most difficulty in implementing  which of the following internal control activities? 21) The reconciliation of the cash register tape with the cash in the register is an example of 22) Deposits in transit 23) Which of the following items on a bank reconciliation would require an adjusting entry on the company’s books? 24) Notification by the bank that a deposited customer check was returned NSF requires that the company make the following adjusting entry: 25) Why do pension and mutual funds invest in debt and equity securities? 26) Which of the following is a debt security? 27) Reed Company acquires 80 Holmes 10%, 5 year, $1,000 bonds on January 1, 2012 for $82,000. This includes a brokerage commission of $2,000. The journal entry to record this investment includes a debit to 28) Reed Company acquires 80 Holmes 10%, 5 year, $1,000 bonds on January 1, 2012 for $82,000. This includes a brokerage commission of $2,000. Assume Holmes pays interest semiannually and the July 1 entry was done correctly. The journal entry at December 31, 2012 would include a credit to 29) A company that owns more than 50% of the common stock of another company is known as the 30) If a parent company has two wholly owned subsidiaries, how many legal and economic entities are there from the viewpoint of the shareholders of the parent company?

Criminology and the Rule of Law

The chapter begins by distinguishing between two types of law. Criminal law is a formal means of social control that uses rules, interpreted and enforced by the courts, to set limits on the conduct of the citizens, to guide the officials, and to define unacceptable behavior. Civil law is a means of resolving conflicts between individuals.It includes personal injury claims (torts), the law of contracts and property, and subjects such as administrative law and the regulation of public utilities. The author defines substantive law, procedural law and due process of law. The text defines the five ideal features of good criminal laws. They include politicality, specificity, regularity, uniformity, and penal sanction. The origins of criminal law are explored with a brief history of law in England and the law of early America.The history of the common law in England is examined with its influence on American law. The issue of constitutional law is discussed. Other law such as administrative and regulatory law is presented. The chapter then enters into a broad discussion of rocedural law. It concentrates on the rights of the accused. The Bill of Rights is discussed as a prelude to the most important amendments in procedural law. The author then explains, in detail, the Fourteenth, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth and Eighth Amendments to the U. S.Constitution with corresponding case law citations and brief summaries. The Fourth Amendment deals with the issue of search and seizure. It reads: The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no arrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the person or things to be seized. The Fifth Amendment deals with the issues of self-incrimination.It reads: No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a prese ntment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in Jeopardy of ife or limb, nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use without Just compensation.The Sixth Amendment deals with the issue of a right to an attorney. It reads: In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial Jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed; which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be nformed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to n ave the assistance ot counsel tor his detense.The Eight Amendment deals witn issue of cruel and unusual punishment: It reads: Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. The chapter ends with a discussion of the many miscarriages of Justice. The legal system of the United States is unique in the world in the number of procedural rights that it rovides people suspected or accused of crimes. The primary reason for procedural rights is to protect innocent people from being arrested, charged, and convicted, or punished for crimes they did not commit.One of the basic tenets of the American legal system is that a person is innocent until proven guilty. The chapter deals with these issues and presents some alternatives for reform. Lecture Outline l. Two Types of Law: Criminal Law and Civil Law A. Criminal law is one of two general types of law practiced in the United States (the other is civil law). Criminal law is a forma l means of social control that involves the se of rules that interpreted, and are enforceable, by the courts of a political community.The function of the rules is to set limits to the conduct of the citizens, to guide the officials (police and other administrators), and to define conditions of deviance or unacceptable behavior. 1. Substantive Law: The body of law that defines criminal offenses and their penalties. 2. Procedural Law: Procedural law governs the ways in which the substantive laws are to be administered. B. Ideal Characteristics of the Criminal Law 1. Politicality Specificity 2. Regularity 3. Uniformity 4. Penal Sanction . Criminal Law as a Political Phenomenon C. . Origins of Law England's Contribution to American Criminal Law Magna Carta a.Creating Criminal Laws in the United States D. 1. Constitution and Legislative Bodies Common Law Precedent b. Stare Decisis Administrative or Regulatory Agency Decisions Interdependency among sources of legal authority . Procedural Law: Rights of the Accused A. The Bill of Rights B. The Fourth Amendment The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants hall issue,